Hand Hygiene

Hao Y, Alomainy A, Hall P S, et al. Antennas and propagation for body centric wireless communications. Wireless Communications and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, IEEE/ACES International Conference on 3–7 April, 2005: 586–589.  Also covers bandwidth and signal decay for on-body communication.  “2.1 Radiowave Propagation — At low frequencies, electromagnetic energy has a significant penetration depth, and the body can be used to support communications channels, [2-4]. For example at 10MHz the penetration depth is about 200mm for muscle and over 1 m for fat. At 2.45GHz the depths are 25 and 120mm respectively. The range of communication is in practice constrained to ‘touch’ range and hence limits its usefulness. PAN [personal area network] systems, in which user touch or handshake, is used for low data rate communication and has been demonstrated, [4], at 10MHz.”  Also has an interesting section on telemedicine towards end.

The Human Body Characteristics as a Signal Transmission Medium for Intrabody Communication,  Cho, N.  Yoo, J.  Song, S.-J.  Lee, J.  Jeon, S.  Yoo, H.-J., Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, On page(s): 1080 - 1086 ,  Volume: 55 Issue: 5, May 2007.  Provides a detailed model of the human body as an antenna, contrasting with a conventional model of the body as an antenna.

A 0.2-mW 2-Mb/s Digital Transceiver Based on Wideband Signaling for Human Body Communications,  Seong-Jun Song  Namjun Cho  Hoi-Jun Yoo  Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of On page(s): 2021 - 2033 ,  Volume: 42 Issue: 9, Sept. 2007.  Describes a setup that uses the body as a transmitter for a distance of 100 cm. “With the help of four low-power techniques such as direct digital transmission, all-digital CDR architecture, low-voltage DCO, and quadratic sampling technique, the WBS digital transceiver achieves 2-Mb/s operation with power consumption of 0.2 mW from a 1-V supply.